1. Federalism-is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head
2. Reserved Powers (state)- Reserved power is a political power that is not enumerated or prohibited by a constitution, but instead is reserved by the constitution for a specified political authority, such as a state government. Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides for reserve power. Tenth Amendment provides that “the powers not delegated to the U.S. by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”
3. Referendum- A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision
4. Devolution- The transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, esp. by central government to local or regional administration
5. Concurrent Powers- are held by both the states and the federal government and may be exercised simultaneously within the same territory and in relation to the same body of citizens
6. recall- To summon back to awareness of or concern with the subject or situation at hand
7. Sovereignty-Supreme power
8. Implied Powers-powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers expressly stated
9. Fiscal federalism- concerned with "understanding which functions and instruments are best centralized and which are best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government"
10. Unitary System- a system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government
11. Denied Powers- The powers that the Constitution prohibits the Federal Government from doing
12. grants-in-aid- An amount of money given to a local government, an institution, or a particular scholar
13. Confederation- A more or less permanent union of countries with some or most political power vested in a central authority
14. John Marshall- United States jurist; as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835)
15. categorical grants- grants, issued by the United States Congress, which may be spent only for narrowly-defined purposes
16. Tenth Amendment-explicitly states the Constitution's principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution are reserved, respectively, to the states or the people
17. Nullification- the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress
18. block grants- is a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent
19. Supremacy Clause- a clause in the United States Constitution, Article VI, Clause The clause establishes the Constitution, Federal Statutes, and U.S. treaties as "the supreme law of the land'
20. Dual Federalism- a legal theory which prevailed in the United States from 1789-present day, is the belief that the United States consists of two separate and co-sovereign branches of government
21.revenue sharing grants-
The practice of a government giving a portion of tax revenue to subdivisions of government
22. Elastic or “Necessary and Proper” Clause- "The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."
23. Layer Cake Federalism- the relationship between the central government of a nation and that of its states, where the powers and policy assignments of the government hierarchy ("layers" of government) are clearly spelled out and distinct from one another
24. Mandates- an official or authoritative instruction or command
25. Commerce Clause- states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes"
26. Marble Cake Federalism- is based on a mixing of authority and programs among the national, state, and local governments
27. "Full Faith and Credit" Clause- addresses the duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."
28. Creative Federalism and The Great Society- a form of federalism popular during the Johnson administration from 1963 to 1969. It emphasized that the federal government determined the needs of the states. During the time that Creative Federalism was popular, the federal government worked extensively with the states to provide social services
29. Unfunded Mandates- regulations, or in some cases conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state or local governments or private entities for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government
30. “Privileges and Immunities Clause"- prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner
31. New Federalism- a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government to the states
32. Conditions of Aid-a political philosophy of devolution, or the transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government to the states
33. Enumerated Powers- powers not listed in the Constitution
34. initiative- The power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do
35. Devolution- the granting of powers from the central government to government at a regional, local, or state level
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